Tuesday 26 January 2010

The death of the "Savannah Hypothesis"?

There are many competing ideas about what caused our lineage to diverge from that leading to our closest relatives, the chimpanzees and bonobos, but the savannah hypothesis is perhaps still the best-known. It was proposed for the first time in 1925, when Raymond Dart wrote that:

"For the production of man a different apprenticeship was needed to sharpen the wits and quicken the higher manifestations of intellect - a more open veldt country where competition was keener between swiftness and stealth, and where adroitness of thinking and movement played a preponderating role in the preservation of the species."

At the time, the first australopithecine (a member of Australopithecus africanus), had just been discovered in South Africa but almost no other record of human evolution existed; Dart's ideas about the environments associated with the emergence of humans were some of the first to be articulated. Since then, although the savannah hypothesis has not disappeared from palaeoanthropology, it has been challenged by a variety of other ideas. These new ideas increasingly emphasise the importance of increased environmental variability, rather than simple shifts in external conditions like a change from wooded to savannah environments.

In addition, recent discoveries of the earliest hominins have suggested that savannah environments were not important to our evolution after all. Ardipithecus ramidus, for example, the most complete early hominin known to science (and one of the biggest news stories of 2009 when it was published in a special edition of Science) is fairly conclusively associated with woodland and forest patches. Sahelanthropus tchadensis, in contrast, is found in gallery forest near - but not inside - an area of savannah, but whether this environment represented the habitat in which Sahelanthropus lived or just that in which it died is not clear.

In light of these recent finds and changing theoretical perspectives, the savannah hypothesis seems to be persisting primarily through disciplinary inertia. So, I would like to know: does the savannah model still, implicitly or otherwise, inspire palaeoanthropological research, or do we retain the hypothesis in our papers as a mark of respect for the ideas of past masters?

References:

Dart, R. 1925. Australopithecus africanus: the man-ape of South Africa. Nature volume 115, pages 195-199.

White, T. D., Asfaw, B., Beyene, Y., Haile-Selassie, Y., Lovejoy, C. O., Suwa, G. & WoldeGabriel, G. 2009. Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids. Science, volume 326, pages 64-86.

Vignaud, P., Duringer, P., Mackaye, H. T., Likius, A., Blondel, C., Boisserie, J.-R., de Bonis, L., Eisenmann, V., Etienne, M.-E., Geraads, D., Guy, F., Lehmann, T., Lihoreau, F., Lopez-Martinez, N., Mourer-Chauvire, C., Otero, O., Rage, J.-C., Schuster, M., Viriot, L., Zazzo, A. & Brunet, M. 2002. Geology and palaeontology of the Upper Miocene Toros-Menalla hominid locality, Chad. Nature, volume 418, pages 152-155.

8 comments:

  1. Hi Isabelle

    I think the Savannah Hypothesis sticks because it explains current trends it what people like in a landscape. This tendency is either there through conditioning or it is 'instinctive'.

    While in France I developed an English lesson that taught the Savannah Hypothesis (S.H) using an extract from E.O.Wilson's 'The Creation'.

    As a 'warmer' I asked a class of architecture students to draw their ideal landscape and to include a habitation in the picture.

    The results are surprising - have a look at what they drew:

    http://nature-art-language-memes.blogspot.com/2007/04/answers-to-eowilsons-creation.html

    On asking them how they thought it was possible that they all drew similar landscapes that conformed to the S.H., they replied that it could only be due to social conditioning. In general French students were not open to evolutionary psychology but believed 100% in social contructionism.

    Here is the link to the lesson - the Savannah Hypothesis begins at Reading 2 and includes an extract from Lawrence of Arabia.

    http://nature-art-language-memes.blogspot.com/2007/04/epigenetic-rules.html

    here is the link to my teaching blog:

    http:nature-art-language.blogspot.com


    best wishes

    Ray

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  2. "The nowadays popular ideas about Pleistocene human ancestors running in open plains (‘endurance running’, ‘dogged pursuit of swifter animals’, ‘born to run’, ‘le singe coureur’, ‘Savannahstan’) are among the worst scientific hypotheses ever proposed. The susprising frequency & diversity of foot problems (e.g. hammertoes, hallux valgus & bunions, ingrown nails, heelspurs, athlete’s feet, corns & calluses—some of these due to wearing shoes) & the need to protect our feet with shoes prove that human feet are not made in the first place for running. Humans are physiologically ill-adapted to dry open milieus: “We have a water- & sodium-wasting cooling system of abundant sweat glands, unfit for a dry environment. Our maximal urine concentration is too low for a savanna-dwelling mammal. We need more water than other primates, and have to drink more often than savanna inhabitants, yet we cannot drink large quantities at a time” (Verhaegen 1987). This does not imply to say that human ancestors or relatives never lived on savannas, only that if they did, it was at the wetlands & rivers there. Apparently we evolved running—only lately, and only about half as fast as equids, bovids, felids or canids, and even slower than arboreal primates—in spite of our broad build, short toes & plantigrade feet, profuse sweating & large subcutaneous fat tissues (a burden of >10 kg in most people). Of course, healthy adult men can sometimes outrun ungulates (the usual ‘argument’ of conventional paleo-anthropologists) and provide a limited part of the calories for the group, but this dogged pursuit is largely confined to a few inland populations in East Africa today, is derived, and probably very recent (less than a few thousands of years), and it requires a rather specialized technology with water bags, weapons & poisons. Quadrupedal chimps can hunt colobus monkeys, and even eat them raw, but archaic Homo with their heavy bones, very broad pelves & valgus knees, shorter legs & flat feet were much too slow on land. Humans have a remarkably poor olfaction (Gilad et al. 2003) and low muscularity, which make regular scavenging, and a fortiori hunting, unlikely." (from "The aquatic ape evolves: common misconceptions and unproven assumptions about the so-called Aquatic Ape Hypothesis" Hum.Evol.28:237-266, 2013, google: researchGate marc verhaegen)

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  4. :-) Thanks, Fazal. It's difficult to understand that so many paleo-anthropologists still believe that human ancestors (with stones in their hands?) ran antilopes to exhaustion on the African plains. Biologically this is nonsense. They believe that every fossil with they think had "bipedal" features (broad pelvis, flat feet, valgus knees etc.) is a closer relative of Homo than of Pan or Gorilla. 1000s of hominid fossils are believed to be human ancestors or relatives, but virtually none is believed to be a chimp or gorilla ancestor: one species having 1000s of relatives, but 4 or 5 species (lowland & mountain gorilla, chimps, bonobo) having +-no fossil relatives. This is statistically impossible unless there's an incredible bias in fossilisation chances of Homo vs Pan or Gorilla. Don't they see how anthropocentric that is? It's time that paleo-anthropology grows up, and becomes a serious biological science, based also on comparative anatomy & physiology. Flat feet are also seen in prenatal Pan & Gorilla: "Only as it approaches its birth does its foot acquire the appearance of a hand" (C.Coon). Valgus knees, long femoral necks & very broad pelvises are an adaptation to sideward movements of the thighs (femoral abduction), which hinders running, but is seen in arboreal & swimming animals: yes, flat feet are humanlike, but not derived-humanlike, they're primitive-hominid: most likely Pan & Gorilla ancestors also waded a lot bipedally in swamp forests & wetlands (google: bonobo wading), but eventually became less bipedal and (in parallel) knuckle-walking on the drier forest floor.

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    Replies
    1. Actually, there are videos of humans running prey animals (This oneis of a kudu.)to exhaustion/death in modern times. You don't have to be faster. You just have to have endurance, keep going, and follow the animal's tracks. They have speed, but pay for the speed with a loss of endurance. Lions and tigers give up, but humans keep following.

      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=826HMLoiE_o

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    2. That there are a very few people who run after kudus today doesn't mean our ancestors did that 1 or 2 mill.yrs ago (besides, there are many more people who still dive for shellfish).
      The endurance running idea is very unscientific, physiologically impossible (Bramble & Lieberman did not even compare to wading, nor to swimming or diving!), e.g. no cursorial animal has flat feet, but humans are *more* plantigrade than chimps, IOW, our ancestors were even less cursorial than chimps are!

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  5. Anything to avoid the Aquatic Ape hypothesis. Nature sets the table twice a day with the tides. Wading in the water to gather/hunt food like fish & molluscs is an obvious inducement for bipedalism, especially when you have to carry the food. Marine food is also rich in protein & fat to grow the brain. Chimps even go bipedal to carry food items or to keep their heads above water to this day.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis

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  6. For an update of the littoral theory (the term "aquatic ape" is misleading IMO), please google "coastal dispersal of Pleistocene Homo 2018 Verhaegen".

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